Multilateralism

In international relations, multilateralism refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal. Multilateralism is based on the principles of inclusivity, equality, and cooperation, and aims to foster a more peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable world.^[1] Middle powers play a crucial role in the international system by promoting multilateralism and internationalism.^[2]^[3]

One of the key advantages of multilateralism is that it enables countries to solve problems that transcend national boundaries, such as climate change, terrorism, and pandemics, through shared responsibility and burden-sharing.^[4] However, multilateralism is not without its challenges. The rise of populism, nationalism, and protectionism in some countries has raised concerns about the future of multilateralism and the effectiveness of international cooperation.^[5]

^ Wijk, Rob de; Thompson, Jack; Chavannes, Esther (2020). Adjusting the Multilateral System to Safeguard Dutch Interests (Technical report). p. 17–33. JSTOR resrep26672.5. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
^ Efstathopoulos, Charalampos (March 4, 2023). "Global IR and the middle power concept: exploring different paths to agency". Australian Journal of International Affairs. 77 (2): 213–232. doi:10.1080/10357718.2023.2191925. ISSN 1035-7718.
^ Laurence, Marion (October 18, 2023). "Middle Powers". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.783. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6.
^ OECD (2021). OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2021 Times of Crisis and Opportunity: Times of Crisis and Opportunity. OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook. OECD Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-92-64-78432-1. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
^ "The future of multilateralism: three hard facts, three needs and one belief". Banque de France. October 11, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2024.

[b774-1] Wijk, Rob de; Thompson, Jack; Chavannes, Esther (2020). Adjusting the Multilateral System to Safeguard Dutch Interests (Technical report). p. 17–33. JSTOR resrep26672.5. Retrieved May 9, 2024.

[p046-2] Efstathopoulos, Charalampos (March 4, 2023). "Global IR and the middle power concept: exploring different paths to agency". Australian Journal of International Affairs. 77 (2): 213–232. doi:10.1080/10357718.2023.2191925. ISSN 1035-7718.

[f298-3] Laurence, Marion (October 18, 2023). "Middle Powers". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.783. ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6.

[i412-4] OECD (2021). OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2021 Times of Crisis and Opportunity: Times of Crisis and Opportunity. OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook. OECD Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-92-64-78432-1. Retrieved May 9, 2024.

[u155-5] "The future of multilateralism: three hard facts, three needs and one belief". Banque de France. October 11, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2024.

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